Sugar compositions

ABSTRACT

A sugar composition comprising at least 40% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given temperature. Another sugar composition comprising at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars, at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars, at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars, and less than 0.25% ash. Another sugar composition comprising at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars, at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars, and at least 2% total furfurals.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

In accord with the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §119(e) and §363, this application claims the benefit of:

-   U.S. 61/545,389 filed Oct. 10, 2011 by Aharon EYAL and entitled     “Sugar Compositions And Uses Thereof”; which is fully incorporated     herein by reference.

This application is related to the following co-pending applications:

-   Prior PCT application IL 2011/000424 filed on Jun. 1, 2011 by Robert     JANSEN et al. and entitled “LIGNIN COMPOSITIONS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS     FOR PROCESSING LIGNIN AND/OR HCl” and published as WO/2011/151823; -   Prior PCT application IL 2011/000509 filed on Jun. 26, 2011 by     Aharon EYAL et al. and entitled “SUGAR MIXTURES AND METHODS FOR     PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF” and published as WO 2011/161685; -   Prior PCT application IL 2011/000517 filed on Jun. 28, 2011 by     Aharon EYAL et al. and entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING     A SUCROSE CROP AND SUGAR MIXTURES” and published as WO2012/001688; -   Prior PCT application US 2011/046153 filed on Aug. 1, 2011 by Robert     JANSEN et al. and entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SOLVENT     PURIFICATION” and published as WO 2012/018740; -   Prior U.S. application Ser. No. 13/195,721 filed on Aug. 1, 2011 by     Robert JANSEN et al. and entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SOLVENT     PURIFICATION” and published as US 2012/0167874; -   Prior PCT application US2011/057552 filed on May 9, 2011 by Robert     JANSEN et al. and entitled “HYDROLYSIS SYSTEMS AND METHODS” and     published as WO2012/061085; -   Prior PCT application PCT/US2011/064237 filed on Dec. 9, 2011 by     Aharon EYAL et al. and entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING     LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS” and published as WO2012/079021; -   Prior PCT application US2012/024033 filed on Feb. 6, 2012 by Robert     JANSEN et al. and entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUGAR REFINING”;     and published as WO/2012/106727; each of which is fully incorporated     herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to sugar compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The increasing cost of fossil fuels has created a demand for alternative energy sources. This demand is reflected in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. RFS has set standards to increase the volume of renewable fuel required to be blended into gasoline from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022, composed of 15 billion gallons of renewable fuel and 21 billion gallons of advanced bio-fuels (16 billion gallons cellulosic bio-fuels).

One theoretically feasible way to produce alternative fuels is by chemical conversion of carbon containing substrates using non-enzymatic catalysts. In practice, development of this technology has revealed a variety of technical problems including, but not limited to, fouling or poisoning of catalysts, unacceptably low yields of conversion product and requirements for reaction conditions which make the conversion process industrially unattractive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A broad aspect of the invention relates to sugar compositions. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the compositions are useful as substrates for chemically catalyzed conversion processes. In some embodiments, the sugars in the compositions result from hydrolysis of a cellulose containing substrate (e.g. with HCl).

As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the term “hydrolyzate” refers to a mixture of sugars resulting from hydrolysis of a cellulose containing substrate. The term hydrolyzate includes “refined hydrolyzates” prepared by application of an appropriate purification protocol to remove residual reagents from the hydrolysis process and/or separate lignin (if present) and/or adjust the sugar concentration to a desired level and/or adjust the sugar composition by enzymatic conversion. Exemplary purification protocols are described in co-pending International application publication WO/2012/106727 which is fully incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively or additionally, the term hydrolyzate includes fractionated hydrolyzates which are enriched for one or more specific sugars (e.g. glucose or mannose) or sugar types (e.g. pentoses or hexoses). In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, hydrolyzates are provided as aqueous solutions. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the concentration of sugars in such an aqueous solution is 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80% or intermediate or greater percentages. For example, in some embodiments the sugar concentration is 40 to 50%, 50 to 60%, 60 to 70%, 70 to 80% or greater than 80% In other exemplary embodiments of the invention, hydrolyzates are provided as a dry sugar mixture. Dried sugar mixtures can be prepared, for example, by spray drying and/or crystallization. In some embodiments, a dried sugar mixture is subsequently dissolved in water, or an aqueous solution, at a desired concentration.

As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the term “cellulose containing substrate” includes any plant derived material containing cellulose (e.g. wood, wood by-products, crop residues (e.g. cornstover, sugar cane bagasse, empty palm fruit bunches), perennial grasses, perennial woody crops and food/feed processing residues) as well as processed cellulose products (e.g. paper and cardboard)).

As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the term “cellulose sugars” refers to glucose in monomeric form and that portion of any dimer or higher oligomer composed of glucose.

As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the term “hemicellulose sugars” refers to xylose and/or arabinose and/or mannose in monomeric form and that portion of any dimer or higher oligomer composed of xylose and/or arabinose and/or mannose.

One aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to sugar mixtures characterized by a low viscosity relative to previously available alternatives with a same dissolved solids concentration and 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) when assayed at the same temperature.

Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to a sugar mixture containing a low level of inorganic material. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a reduction in the level of inorganic material in a sugar mixture contributes to a decrease in catalyst fouling and/or poisoning during the conversion process. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, levels of sulfur are below 50 PPM, 40 PPM, 30 PPM, 20 PPM or 10 PPM (e.g. 10 to 50 PPM; 20 to 40 PPM; 35 to 50 PPM or 40 to 50 PPM). Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention, levels of phosphorus are below 10 PPM, 7 PPM, 5 PPM or 1 PPM (e.g. 1 to 10 PPM; 1 to 7 PPM or 1 to 5 PPM or 5 to 10 PPM).

Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to a level of furfurals present in the sugar mixture. As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the terms “furfurals” and “total furfurals” include both furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural. In those cases where “furfural” or “hydroxymethylfurfural” amounts or concentrations are indicated, reference is to the specific compound. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, furfural is present due to hydrolysis of pentose-comprising polysaccharides. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 percent (or intermediate percentages) of pentoses (e.g. from hemicellulose) are degraded during the hydrolysis reaction and the resultant furfural appears in the hydrolyzate. Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention, hydroxymethylfurfural is present due to hydrolysis of hexose-comprising polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose and/or hemicellulose). According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 (or intermediate percentages) of hexoses are degraded during the hydrolysis reaction and the resultant hydroxymethylfurfural appears in the hydrolyzate.

One aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to hydrolyzates with a saccharide composition that is different than the theoretically expected saccharide yield from hydrolysis of the cellulose containing substrate. For example, if the substrate is wood, the hydrolyzate may have less glucose that expected and/or more pentoses than expected. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the hydrolyzate results from complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose but incomplete hydrolysis of cellulose. In some embodiments, hemicellulose and cellulose are hydrolyzed separately and the resultant hemicellulose hydrolyzate and cellulose hydrolyzate are mixed in a desired ratio to produce a hydrolyzate according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzate composition is affected by sugars degradation rate during the hydrolysis. Some of the sugars in the cellulose containing substrate (e.g. lignocellulose) substrate degrade at a higher rate compared with other sugars. In some embodiments, pentoses degrade more rapidly than hexoses.

An additional aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to sucrose present with the cellulose containing substrate prior to hydrolysis. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, this results from incomplete processing of a sucrose crop as described in co-pending application publication WO2012/001688; which is fully incorporated herein by reference. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, this sucrose contributes to an increase in fructose in the hydrolyzate. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments an enzymatic treatment is employed to increase sucrose levels. Exemplary enzymatic treatments are described hereinbelow.

Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to assaying one or more specific parameters of a hydrolyzate produced in an industrial facility and using results of the assay to select a subset of hydrolyzate batches for chemical conversion. In some embodiments, batches which are not well suited to biological conversion (e.g. fermentation) are advantageously employed in chemical conversion. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the one or more specific parameters assayed include viscosity and/or ash content and/or level(s) of one or more degradation produc(s) and/or levels of one or more hemicellulose sugars. Degradation products include, but are not limited to, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural.

It will be appreciated that the various aspects described above relate to solution of technical problems associated with conversion of carbohydrates in a chemically catalyzed reaction.

Alternatively or additionally, it will be appreciated that the various aspects described above relate to solution of technical problems related to fouling and/or poisoning of catalysts in a chemically catalyzed reaction.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition including: at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given temperature (e.g. a 42% high fructose 80% solids corn syrup reference solution has a viscosity of 2200 cP at 80° F.).

In some embodiments, the dissolved solids include at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% hemicellulose sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, mannose comprises at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% of the dissolved solids and/or xylose comprises at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% of the dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments glucose comprises not more than 60% or not more than 55% of the dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments at least 90% of the dissolved solids are monomeric sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of organic compounds including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids including 2-5 carbon atoms.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition including: at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% or at least 60% glucose relative to total sugars; at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% mannose relative to total sugars; at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total sugars; and less than 0.25, less than 0.20, less than 0.15, less than 0.10, less than 0.05, less than 0.01 or less than 0.005% ash. In some embodiments, the composition includes less than 50, less than 30, less than 10, less than 5 or less than 1 PPM sulfur. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes less than 10, less than 5, less than 3 less than 1 or less than 0.1 PPM phosphorus. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition is provided as a solution including at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of organic compounds including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids including 2-5 carbon atoms.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition including: at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% or at least 60% glucose relative to total sugars; at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% mannose relative to total sugars; at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total sugars; and at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4% or at least 5% total furfurals. In some embodiments, the composition includes not more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10% total furfurals. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of carboxylic acids (e.g. acetic and/or formic and/or galactauronic and/or levulinic acids) to sugars is at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition, including: at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70% hemicellulose sugars relative to total sugars; and 20 to 60% cellulose sugars relative to total sugars. In some embodiments, the composition includes at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% mannose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% fructose relative to total sugars.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition including at least 10% fructose relative to total sugars; and at least 10% hemicellulose sugars relative to total sugars. In some embodiments, the composition includes at least 15% or at least 20% fructose. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 15% or at least 20% hemicellulose sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition is provided as an aqueous solution including at least 60% dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of organic compounds including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids including 2-5 carbon atoms.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids): (a) at least 49% glucose; (b) at least 9.5% xylose; (c) at least 2.5% arabinose; and (d) at least 25% mannose.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method including: producing a sugar composition as described hereinabove; and converting sugars in the sugar composition to a conversion product in a chemically catalyzed reaction. In some embodiments, the producing includes hydrolyzing a substrate including cellulose to produce a hydrolyzate. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing includes refining the hydrolyzate.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method including

hydrolyzing not more than 90% of cellulose in a cellulose including substrate to produce a hydrolyzate; and

converting sugars in the hydrolyzate to a conversion product in a chemically catalyzed reaction.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method including: providing a conversion product as described hereinabove; and processing the conversion product to produce a processed product.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the processed product includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, polymers of terephthalic acid, a fuel ingredient, a paraffin a polyethylene, a polystyrene, a polypropylene, butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, other butyl esters, ethylene glycol, monobutyl ether, di-ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether, isobutyl acetate and butanone (MEK).

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a processed product produced by a method as described hereinabove.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method including

providing a processed product as described hereinabove; and

subjecting the processed product to an industrial process to produce a downstream product.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the downstream product is selected from the group consisting of a liquid fuel and a polymeric plastic.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a downstream product produced by a method as described hereinabove.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method including

providing a processed product as described hereinabove; and

using the processed product as an ingredient or component in a downstream product.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the downstream product is selected from the group consisting of a liquid fuel, a super absorbent gel, a paint, a dye, a glue, a fabric and a plastic item.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is provided a downstream product produced by a method as described hereinabove.

Representative Embodiments

The following embodiments of the disclosure are provided by way of example only:

1. A sugar composition comprising:

at least 40% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given temperature.

2. A composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the dissolved solids comprise at least 20% hemicellulose sugars. 3. A composition according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein mannose comprises at least 10% of the dissolved solids and/or xylose comprises at least 5% of the dissolved solids. 4. A composition according to any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein glucose comprises less than 60% of the dissolved solids. 5. A composition according to any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein at least 90% of the dissolved solids are monomeric sugars. 6. A composition according to any of embodiments 1 to 5, comprising at least 5% of organic compounds comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms. 7. A sugar composition comprising:

at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars;

at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars;

at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars; and

less than 0.25% ash.

8. A composition according to embodiment 7, comprising less than 50 PPM sulfur. 9. A composition according to embodiment 7 or 8, comprising less than 10 PPM phosphorus. 10. A composition according to any of embodiments 7 to 9, provided as a solution comprising at least 40% dissolved solids. 11. A composition according to any of embodiments 7 to 10, further comprising at least 5% of organic compounds comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms. 12. A sugar composition comprising:

at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars;

at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars;

at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars; and

at least 2% total furfurals.

13. A composition according to embodiment 12, comprising not more than 15% total furfurals. 14. A composition according to embodiment 12 or 13, wherein a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is at least 0.03. 15. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 14, wherein a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is less than 0.12. 16. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03. 17. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 16, wherein a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is less than 0.12. 18. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 17, wherein a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is at least 0.03. 19. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 18, wherein a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is less than 0.12. 20. A sugar composition, comprising:

at least 30% hemicellulose sugars relative to total sugars; and

20% to 60% cellulose sugars relative to total sugars.

21. A composition according to embodiment 20, comprising at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars. 22. A composition according to embodiment 20 or 21, comprising at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars. 23. A composition according to any of embodiments 20 to 22, comprising at least 5% fructose relative to total sugars. 24. A sugar composition comprising:

at least 10% fructose; and

at least 10% hemicellulose sugars.

25. A composition according to embodiment 24, comprising at least 15% fructose. 26. A composition according to embodiment 24 or 25, comprising at least 15%, hemicellulose sugars. 27. A composition according to any of embodiments 24 to 26, provided as an aqueous solution comprising at least 60% dissolved solids. 28. A composition according to any of embodiments 24 to 27, further comprising at least 5% of organic compounds comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms. 29. A sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids):

(a) at least 49% glucose;

(b) at least 9.5% xylose;

(c) at least 2.5% arabinose; and

(d) at least 25% mannose.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although suitable methods and materials are described below, methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. All materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “including” or grammatical variants thereof are to be taken as specifying inclusion of the stated features, integers, actions or components without precluding the addition of one or more additional features, integers, actions, components or groups thereof.

The phrase “adapted to” as used in this specification and the accompanying claims imposes additional structural limitations on a previously recited component.

Percentages (%) of insoluble carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose), sugars, saccharides, furfurals and ash (total and individual components) are W/W (weight per weight) relative to total solids unless otherwise indicated. Concentrations indicated in PPM are also on a total solids basis unless otherwise indicated. As used in this specification and the accompanying claims the term “total solids” indicates dry matter which remains after all water is evaporated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, identical and similar structures, elements or parts thereof that appear in more than one figure are generally labeled with the same or similar references in the figures in which they appear. Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are chosen primarily for convenience and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily to scale. The attached figures are:

FIG. 1 is schematic overview of a system according some exemplary embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 2 is a simplified flow diagram of a method according to some exemplary embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the invention relate to sugar compositions. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the sugar compositions are provided in liquid or solid form.

Specifically, sugar compositions according to various embodiments of the invention can serve as input streams for chemical conversion to a conversion product. Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to conversion products produced by such a chemical conversion. Exemplary conversion products include, but are not limited to hydrocarbons (e.g. para-xylene), oxygenated hydrocarbons, non-condensable gas products, alcohols and hydrogen gas. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, these conversion products are characterized by an O/C ratio less than 1.5; less than 1.0; less than 0.75; less than 0.5; less than 0.3; less than 0.2 or less than 0.1.

Compositions according to exemplary embodiments of the invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is illustrative and not limiting.

Exemplary System Overview

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a system for acid hydrolysis of a substrate including cellulose indicated generally as 100. Depicted system 100 includes a main hydrolysis reactor 110 adapted to receive an input substrate 112. In many cases substrate 112 is provided as wood chips, although any cellulose containing substrate can be used instead of wood. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, substrate 112 is subjected to a pretreatment in pretreatment module 108 to produce a modified substrate 112′. In some embodiments, a pretreatment conducted in module 108 produces one or more streams containing ash and/or sugars (additional streams not depicted). Exemplary pretreatments are described in international application publication WO/2012/079021; which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

Additional exemplary substrates 112 include, but are not limited to, sugar cane bagasse, sugar beets and/or their cossettes, corn stover, post harvest plants (e.g. cotton, soybean or rapeseed), switchgrass, broomgrass, paper and cardboard.

In the depicted exemplary system, substrate 112 is brought into contact with a concentrated HCl solution in reactor 110 and hemicellulose and/or cellulose in the substrate are hydrolyzed to produce a mixture of soluble sugars and, optionally, residual lignin. These materials are collected separately as lignin stream 120 (if present) and crude hydrolyzate 130, each of which contains a high concentrations of HCl.

Details of exemplary hydrolysis methods and systems are described in co-pending International application publication WO2012/061085; which is fully incorporated herein by reference. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the way in which hydrolysis is conducted in reactor 110 contributes to the composition of crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or lignin stream 120. Affecting parameters include, but are not limited to, initial substrate moisture, reactor design, mode of hydrolysis (e.g. co-current contact, counter-current contact and combinations thereof), number of hydrolysis stages and acid concentration and/or temperature and/or residence time in each hydrolysis stage. The composition of crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or lignin stream 120 is influenced by the amount of sugar degradation products produced at 110 and/or 201 and/or by the yield of specific intact sugars produced at 110 and/or remaining after 201 (e.g. pentoses such as xylose and/or hexoses such as glucose).

Crude hydrolyzate 130 is processed to remove HCl and/or adjust the mixture to achieve one or more desired ratios of mixture components (e.g. disaccharides and/or monosaccharides). Parameters of HCl removal also affect the composition of the deacidified hydrolyzate, including the mode of removal, e.g. distillation vs. solvent extraction, solvent choice, e.g. its selectivity and water co-extraction, contactors design, number of theoretical stages in the solvent extraction, temperature of each stage and residence time in each stage. This processing is conducted in a hydrolyzate refining module, designated here generically as 201.

In some embodiments, additional hydrolyzate (similar to 130) is recovered from lignin stream 120 as described in co-pending International application publication WO/2011/151823 which is fully incorporated herein by reference. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, this additional hydrolyzate is routed (not depicted) to refining module 201. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention this additional hydrolyzate increases a total sugar yield and/or changes a composition of mixture (e.g. refined hydrolyzate 230).

In depicted system 100, hydrolyzate refining module 201 employs a flow of organic solvent 155 (solid arrows) to extract HCl 140 (dashed arrows) from crude hydrolyzate 130.

Refined hydrolyzate 230 containing a mixture of de-acidified sugars is the primary product of refining module 201. In some embodiments, sugars recovered from pretreatment module 108 and/or lignin stream 120 are also present in refined hydrolyzate 230. Module 201 also produces a stream of HCl 140 mixed with solvent 155 (depicted as parallel dashed and solid arrows respectively for clarity) which is routed to a solvent/HCl recovery module 150. Recovery module 150 separates HCl 140 from solvent 155. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, separation is by distillation. HCl 140 is recycled to hydrolysis reactor 110 and solvent 155 is recycled to refining module 201. Details of HCl and solvent recycling are described in co-pending international application publication WO/2012/081740 and US application publication 2012/0167874; each of which is fully incorporated by reference.

Refined hydrolyzate 230 includes a mixture of de-acidified sugars. Various components of the mixture can be chemically converted to conversion products. In some cases, implementation of specific chemical conversion processes is influenced by an initial composition of refined hydrolyzate 230. In many cases, refined hydrolyzate 230 contains glucose as a primary component since glucose is a primary component of cellulose in substrate 112. Alternatively or additionally, in many cases, sugar mixture 230 contains a significant amount of xylose since xylose is often the most prevalent saccharide component of hemicellulose in substrate 112.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, refined hydrolyzate 230 is assayed with respect to one or more parameters in an assay module 211. Depending upon the results of the assay(s), refined hydrolyzate 230 is routed to chemical conversion 233 or biological conversion 235 (e.g. fermentation).

Exemplary Chemical Conversion Processes

Exemplary chemically catalyzed processes for conversion of biomass derived sugars to conventional liquid fuels through a multistep catalytic conversion process are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,094; U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,366; U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,713; U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,643; U.S. Pat. No. 7,880,049; U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,278; U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,818; U.S. Pat. No. 7,977,517; U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,094; U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,085; U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,443; U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,508; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,868; U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,261; U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,643; U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,858; U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,381; U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,261; U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,867; U.S. Pat. No. 7,935,156; U.S. Pat. No. 7,942,940; U.S. Pat. No. 8,026,378; U.S. Pat. No. 8,053,468; U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,635; U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,701; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,188,030. The contents of each of these patents are fully incorporated herein by reference.

Exemplary Compositions

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention, relate to sugar compositions suitable for use as inputs in a catalytic conversion processes.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the sugar composition includes at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity which is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given temperature. Viscosity influences flow properties which may be relevant to conversion processes 233 and/or 235. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the dissolved solids comprise at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% hemicellulose sugars.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% (or intermediate or greater percentages) of the dissolved solids are mannose. Alternatively or additionally, at least 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% or 15% (or intermediate or greater percentages) of the dissolved solids are xylose. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention mannose and xylose are present as monomeric sugars and/or as portions of oligomeric sugars (dimers or higher).

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, less than 60%, or less than 55%, of the dissolved solids is glucose.

Alternatively or additionally, the dissolved solids in the composition include at least 90%, at least 92% or at least 94% monomeric sugars.

Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of organic compounds such as alcohols and/or ketones and/or aldehydes and/or organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms.

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a composition including at least 30%, 40%, 50% or 60% (or intermediate or greater percentages) glucose relative to total sugars, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30% (or intermediate or greater percentages) mannose relative to total sugars and at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or greater percentages) xylose relative to total sugars and less than 0.25% or less than 0.15% ash. In some embodiments, compositions of this type include less than 50, less than 10, less than 5 or less than 2 PPM sulfur (or intermediate or lower amounts). Alternatively or additionally, compositions of this type include less than 10, less than 7, less than 5, less than 2 or less than 1 PPM phosphorus (or intermediate or lower amounts). Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments compositions of this type are provided as an aqueous solution with at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% dissolved solids (or intermediate or higher percentages).

Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of organic compounds such as alcohols and/or ketones and/or aldehydes and/or organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms.

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a sugar composition including at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% or at least 60% glucose (or intermediate or higher percentages) relative to total sugars and at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5% total furfurals (or intermediate or higher percentages).

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the composition includes at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% mannose (or intermediate or higher percentages) relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention the composition includes at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose (or intermediate or higher percentages) relative to total sugars.

In some embodiments, the composition includes not more than 15 or not more than 10% total furfurals. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is at least 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07 or at least 0.075. Alternatively or additionally, the molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is less than 0.12, 0.115, 0.11, 0.105 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally, a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07 or at least 0.075. Alternatively or additionally, a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. In some embodiments, compositions of this type are provided as an aqueous solution with at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids (or intermediate or higher percentages).

In some embodiments, a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars in the composition is at least 0.03. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars in the composition is less than 0.12.

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a sugar composition including at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 45% or at least 50% (or intermediate or higher percentages) hemicellulose sugars (relative to total sugars) and 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55% or 60% (or intermediate or higher percentages) glucose (relative to total sugars). Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a composition of this type includes at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% (or intermediate or higher percentages) mannose (relative to total sugars) and/or at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or higher percentages) xylose (relative to total sugars). Alternatively or additionally, a composition of this type includes 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or higher percentages) fructose (relative to total sugars). In some embodiments, fructose results from use of a hydrolysis substrate 112 (FIG. 1) including sucrose as described in International application publication WO2012/001688 which is fully incorporated herein by reference.

Alternatively or additionally, use of a hydrolysis substrate 112 including sucrose produces a sugar composition including at least 10%, at least 15% or at least 20% fructose (or intermediate or higher percentages); and at least 10%, at least 15% or at least 20% sugars derived from hemicellulose (or intermediate or higher percentages). According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the sugars derived from hemicellulose include xylose and/or mannose and/or arabinose. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, compositions of this type are provided as an aqueous solution including at least 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments compositions of this type are provided as an aqueous solution with at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% dissolved solids (or intermediate or higher percentages).

Alternatively or additionally, crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or refined hydrolyzate 230 are enzymatically treated to convert at least a portion of the glucose therein to fructose. For example, a xylose isomerase (Enzyme commission number EC 5.3.1.5; also known as glucose isomerase) can be used to convert glucose to fructose as is done in the high fructose corn syrup industry.

Some exemplary embodiments of the invention, relate to a sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids) at least 49% glucose; at least 9.5% xylose; at least 2.5% arabinose; and at least 25% mannose.

Exemplary Viscosity Assay Protocol

In some embodiments of the invention, a comparison is made between a sample (e.g. refined hydrolyzate 230) and a reference solution. In order to make this comparison, a measurement of percentage of total dissolved solids in the sample (e.g. hydrolyzate 230) is made (e.g. by evaporation to dryness). If the reference solution is not labeled as to total dissolved solids concentration, a measurement of the dissolved solids concentration in the reference solution is conducted using the same measurement technique as for the sample. Once the total dissolved solids concentration of the sample and the reference solution are known, the reference solution is adjusted to the same dissolved solids concentration as the sample by dilution, or evaporation, as needed. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a 42 Dextrose Equivalents (DE) solution serves as a reference solution. One example of a suitable reference solution is IsoClear® 42% high fructose 80% solids corn syrup (Cargill; Regional Sweeteners Office; Lancaster Pa.; USA).

In some embodiments, a reference solution with a concentration of dissolved solids higher than the composition being assayed is selected. Use of a reference solution with a higher concentration of dissolved solids allows adjustment of the reference solution by dilution.

Once the reference solution and the composition being assayed are at the same dissolved solids concentration, the viscosity of each is measured at a given temperature (e.g. 25; 30; 35; 40; 45; 50; 55 or 60° C.). A sugar composition (e.g. refined hydrolyzate 230) with a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE reference solution with the same dissolved solids concentration (measured under the same conditions) is an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Exemplary Parameter Assay Considerations

Referring again to FIG. 1, in some embodiments refined hydrolyzate 230 is assayed with respect to one or more specific parameters. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the specific parameters include viscosity and/or ash content and/or degradation product level and/or levels of one or more hemicellulose sugars.

With regard to viscosity, an increase in viscosity can contribute to problems (e.g. decreased reaction rate and/or decreased yield) in chemically catalyzed conversion processes 233, particularly using heterogeneous catalyst, where reaction rate AO reaction kinetics are diffusion controlled. Traditionally, implementation of a temperature increase during the chemically catalyzed conversion was undertaken in an attempt to mitigate these problems as viscosity typically decreases with temperature elevation. However, increase of temperature beyond a certain point can contribute to undesired degradation of sugars. Elevated temperature reactions are more difficult to control and therefore lead to side degradation reactions resulting in undesired products, e.g. large condensation products and coking. Some exemplary embodiments of the invention are compositions with at least 40% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given temperature.

In some embodiments, a viscosity assay of refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition including at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) solution of similar concentration at a given temperature. In some embodiments, the dissolved solids include at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% hemicellulose sugars (or intermediate or higher percentages). In some embodiments, refined hydrolyzate 230 includes at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% or more mannose as a percentage of the dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments refined hydrolyzate 230 includes at least 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, or 15% or more xylose as a percentage of the dissolved solids. In some embodiments, a refined hydrolyzate 230 with a viscosity at or below a pre-determined threshold level is selected for routing to a chemical conversion process 233. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a refined hydrolyzate 230 with a viscosity above a pre-determined threshold level is mixed with a second sugar stream to decrease viscosity and produce a mixed stream suitable for routing to a chemical conversion process 233. In some embodiments, the second sugar stream includes more non-glucose sugars than refined hydrolyzate 230.

In some embodiments, an assay of organic compounds (e.g. by HPLC or gas chromatography) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition including at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% organic compounds (e.g. alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids including 2-5 carbon atoms). While these organic compounds may have an inhibitory effect on biological processes, they can be introduced into a chemical conversion process 233 with little or no effect (Z. R. Ismagilov et al. (2008) Energy Environ. Sci. 1:526-541 and A. Holmen (2009) Catalysis Today 142:2-8). In some embodiments, the organic compounds serve as a substrate for the chemical conversion process 233 and are converted to additional conversion product(s). Thus, in some embodiments a refined hydrolyzate 230 with an organic compounds content at or above a pre-determined threshold level is selected for routing to a chemical conversion process 233. In some embodiments, assay of organic compound levels is conducted in conjunction with assay of viscosity.

In some embodiments, an assay of ash (e.g. by complete combustion) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition including less than 0.25, less than 0.20, less than 0.15, less than 0.10, less than 0.05, less than 0.01 or less than 0.005% ash. In contrast to organic compounds, increasing the level of ash would not be expected to have a significant negative impact on biological conversion 235, but is expected to contribute to increased catalyst fouling and/or catalyst poisoning in a chemical conversion process 233. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, assays of specific ash components are conducted. For example, in some embodiments the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including less than 50, less than 30, less than 10, less than 5 or less than 1 PPM sulfur. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including less than 10, less than 5, less than 3, less than 1 or less than 0.1 PPM phosphorus. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention assays of ash, or specific components of ash (e.g. sulfur and/or phosphorus), are conducted in conjunction with assays of viscosity and/or with assays of organic compound levels. Multiple assays can be conducted in conjunction with one another by taking multiple samples and sending each sample to a specific assay in parallel.

In some embodiments, an assay of degradation products (e.g. furfurals) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition having a relatively high level of degradation products. Assays for measurement of furfurals include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography and colorimetric assays.

Furfurals have a negative impact on many biological conversion processes but can serve as a substrate for many chemical conversion processes. In some embodiments the assay of degradation products identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4% or at least 5% total furfurals and/or sugar compositions with not more than 15%, not more than 12% or not more than 10% total furfurals.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, pentoses and/or hexoses are measured in parallel to furfurals so that molar ratio scan be calculated.

In some embodiments, the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates with a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses of at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or refined hydrolyzates 230 with a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses of at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. In some embodiments, the assay of degradation products is conducted in parallel with an assay of carboxylic acids and identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars of at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or with a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention assays of degradation product level are conducted in parallel with assays of ash (or specific components of ash) and/or with assays of viscosity and/or with assays of organic compound levels.

In some embodiments, an assay of hemicellulose sugars in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition having a relatively high level of hemicellulose sugars. These hemicellulose sugars originate from module 108 and/or from reactor 110. Hemicellulose sugars are not well utilized by many biological conversion processes 235 but can serve as a substrate for many chemical conversion processes 233, e.g. xylose hydrogenation to xylitol or hemicellulose sugars dehydration to furfural and furfural conversion to levulinic acid.

In some embodiments the assay of hemicellulose sugars identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70% hemicellulose sugars relative to total sugars; and 20 to 60% cellulose sugars relative to total sugars. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% mannose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, according to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, according to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5%, or at least 15% fructose relative to total sugars.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention assays of hemicellulose sugar levels are conducted in parallel with assays of degradation product level and/or with assays of ash (or specific components of ash) and/or with assays of viscosity and/or with assays of organic compound levels.

Exemplary Fructose Enrichment

In some embodiments refined hydrolyzate 230 is subjected to fructose enrichment (e.g. via enzymatic treatment) to produce a composition including at least 10%, 15% or 20% fructose and at least 10%, 15% or 20% hemicellulose sugars.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the resultant composition includes at least 60% dissolved solids and/or at least 5%, at least 10% or at least 15% of organic compounds as described above. In some embodiments, fructose enrichment contributes to a reduction in viscosity. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments some chemical conversion processes 233 operate more efficiently with fructose than with glucose.

Exemplary Furfural Concentration Adjustment

As described above, furfurals (or their degradation products such as levulinic acid) can adversely affect biological conversion 235 but are acceptable in chemical conversion 233 (FIG. 1). In some embodiments, refined hydrolyzate 230 is divided into two portions, one of which is directed to chemical conversion 233 and another of is directed to biological conversion 235.

The portion of refined hydrolyzate 230 destined for biological conversion 235 is purified to remove furfurals. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, purification to remove furfurals includes distillation and/or chromatographic separation. This purification reduces the furfural concentration sufficiently that the purified portion of refined hydrolyzate 230 can be used in biological conversion 235.

According to these embodiments, the furfurals removed during purification are then added back to the portion of refined hydrolyzate 230 destined for chemical conversion 233. In these embodiments of the invention, a loss of sugar yield from substrate 112 as a result of degradation to furfurals during hydrolysis 110 is at least partially offset by conversion of the furfurals to useful products in chemical conversion 233.

Exemplary Further Processing

FIG. 2 is a simplified flow diagram depicting exemplary methods for further processing conversion products indicated generally as 300.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, method 300 includes providing 310 a conversion product (e.g. from a chemical conversion process 233 or a biological conversion process 235) and processing 320 the conversion product to produce a processed product 330.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the processed product includes one or more members selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, polymers of terephthalic acid, a fuel ingredient, a paraffin a polyethylene, a polystyrene, a polypropylene, butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, other butyl esters, ethylene glycol, monobutyl ether, di-ethylene glycol triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether, isobutyl acetate and butanone (MEK).

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the conversion product includes paraxylene (p-xylene) and processed product 330 includes terephthalic acid. For example, paraxylene can be formed by dehydroaromatization (see for example Z. R. Ismagilov et al. (2008) Energy Environ. Sci. 1:526-541 and A. Holmen (2009) Catalysis Today 142:2-8).

A processed product produced by a method as described above is an additional exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Alternatively or additionally, the depicted further processing method 300 can include providing a processed product 330 and subjecting said processed product to an industrial process 340 to produce a downstream product 350 in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, downstream product 350 is a liquid fuel and/or a polymeric plastic.

A downstream product 350 produced by a method as described above is an additional exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Alternatively or additionally, the depicted further processing method 300 includes providing a processed product 330 and using 345 processed product 330 as an ingredient or component in a downstream product 350 in some embodiments.

According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention downstream product 350 is a liquid fuel and/or a super absorbent gel and/or a paint and/or a dye, and/or a glue and/or a fabric and/or a plastic item. For example, plastic items according to some exemplary embodiments of the invention may be PET and/or PETA products such as bottles or food wrappers. Alternatively or additionally, fabrics may be woven or non-woven fabrics (e.g. as commonly used in moist towelettes).

Downstream product 350 produced by a method 300 as described above are exemplary embodiments of the invention.

It is expected that during the life of this patent many non-enzymatic catalysts will be developed and the scope of the invention is intended to include all such new technologies a priori.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the application embraces all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Specifically, numerical indicators used in the application could vary even further based upon engineering principles and/or materials and/or intended use and/or designs incorporated into various embodiments of the invention. Additionally, components and/or actions ascribed to exemplary embodiments of the invention and depicted as a single unit may be divided into subunits. Conversely, components and/or actions ascribed to exemplary embodiments of the invention and depicted as sub-units/individual actions may be combined into a single unit/action with the described/depicted function.

Alternatively, or additionally, features used to describe a method can be used to characterize an apparatus and features used to describe an apparatus can be used to characterize a method.

It should be further understood that the individual features described hereinabove can be combined in all possible combinations and sub-combinations to produce additional embodiments of the invention. The examples given above are purely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the following claims. Specifically, the invention has been described in some instances in the context of sugar mixtures resulting from hydrolysis of cellulose although similar mixtures produced by other methods are embodiments of the invention.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.

The terms “include”, and “have” and their conjugates as used herein mean “including but not necessarily limited to”.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions; illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion.

Example 1 Chemical Analysis of Exemplary Compositions

Table 1 provides a summary of chemical analyses of six samples of sugar compositions according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. These compositions, when used in chemically catalyzed conversion processes can give results superior to those obtained in similar processes using previously available 42 DE sugar compositions.

TABLE 1 chemical analyses exemplary sugar compositions SAMPLE S2011080801 S2011081001 S2011081301 S2011081601 S11060601 S11060602 PARAMETER RESULT** APPEARANCE Clear Clear Colorless Clear Colorless Colorless colorless colorless liquid colorless viscous viscous liquid*** liquid liquid*** liquid liquid DS**  76%  78%  77%  80%  69%  73% Monomeric 94.3%  94.1%  93.5% 93.6%  89.7% 87.3 sugars (total) XYLOSE 10.5%  10.7%  11.1% 9.9% 13.0% 12.5% ARABINOSE 3.0% 3.0%  3.2% 2.7% 4.26% 4.20% MANNOSE 25.4%  26.1%  25.3% 25.0%  26.4% 25.8% GLUCOSE 50.5%  49.6%  49.2% 50.9%  38.2% 37.3% GALACTOSE 4.7% 4.7%  4.8% 4.5% 7.80% 7.54% FRUCTOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not detected detected detected detected detected detected GENTIOBIOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not detected detected detected detected detected detected CELLOBIOSE 0.6% 0.4%  0.4% 0.3% Not Not detected detected ISOMALTOSE 0.2% 0.2%  0.3% 0.3% 0.26% 0.09% MALTOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not detected detected detected detected detected detected TREHALOSE 1.0% 1.0% 0.06% 1.0% 1.25% 1.35% dimeric 3.9% 4.9%  4.9% 4.9% 5.08% 5.40% sugars(other) trimeric or Not Not Not Not Not Not longer sugars detected detected detected detected detected detected FURFURAL Not Not Not Not Not Not DERIVATIVES detected detected detected detected detected detected (<0.001%)  (<0.001%)  ACETIC ACID Not Not Not Not 0.033%  0.047%  detected detected detected detected ASH 0.094%  0.088%  0.117%  0.097%  **All saccharides results refer to the dry solids (DS). ***At ambient temperature the product may appear as white opaque liquid, but becomes clearer upon warming.

Example 2 Chemical Analysis of Ash Fraction of Exemplary Compositions

Table 2 provides a summary of chemical analyses of the ash fraction from the first four samples presented in Table 1.

TABLE 2 chemical analyses of ash fraction of exemplary sugar compositions SAMPLE S2011080801 S2011081001 S2011081301 S2011081601 Ion RESULT (PPM of total solids) Ca <1 <1 <1 <1 Cu <1 <1 <1 <1 Fe <1 <1 <1 <1 K 10 10 11 11 Mg <1 <1 <1 <1 Mn <1 <1 <1 <1 Na 42 38 34 43 P <1 <1 <1 <1 S 7 6 7 7 Si 154 152 146 163

Results presented in Table 2 indicate that sulfur and phosphorus levels in the analyzed samples are exceptionally low.

These results suggest that the exemplary sugar compositions analyzed will exhibit a low tendency to foul and/or poison catalysts employed in the relevant conversion processes. 

1-59. (canceled)
 60. A composition comprising: (a) at least one water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (i) a monomeric hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (ii) a monomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; (b) at least one water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (iii) a dimeric or higher oligomeric hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (iv) a dimeric or higher oligomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; and (c) less than 0.25% in total by weight, relative to the total solids in the composition, of ash.
 61. The composition of claim 60, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
 62. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof.
 63. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
 64. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
 65. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is derived from a lignocellulose substrate.
 66. The composition of claim 60, further comprising water.
 67. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is present at a concentration of at least 90% in an aqueous solution.
 68. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, or a mixture thereof.
 69. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 0.10% by weight, relative to the total solids in the composition, of ash.
 70. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of calcium.
 71. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of iron.
 72. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 50 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of sulfur.
 73. The composition of claim 60, wherein the weight ratio of the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate to the ash is greater than 360:1.
 74. A composition comprising: (a) at least one water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (i) a monomeric hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (ii) a monomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; (b) at least one water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (iii) a dimeric or higher oligomeric hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (iv) a dimeric or higher oligomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; and (c) impurities, wherein the impurities comprise: less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of calcium; less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of iron; less than 50 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of sulfur; and less than 0.25% by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition, of ash.
 75. The composition of claim 74, wherein the impurities comprise Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
 76. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof.
 77. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
 78. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
 79. The composition of claim 74, further comprising less than 0.10% in the total weight relative to the total solids in the composition, of ash, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
 80. The composition of claim 60, comprising at least one dimeric hydrolyzate.
 81. The composition of claim 60, wherein one or more of the hydrolyzates is a hexose.
 82. The composition of claim 60, wherein one or more of the hydrolyzates is a pentose.
 83. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
 84. The composition of claim 69, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
 85. The composition of claim 70, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
 86. The composition of claim 71, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
 87. The composition of claim 72, wherein: the water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
 88. A composition comprising: at least one water-soluble monosaccharide hydrolyzate; at least one water-soluble disaccharide hydrolyzate; and less than 0.25% in total by weight, relative to the total solids in the composition, of ash.
 89. The composition of claim 88, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si. 